China chose its officials by exam until 1905
China's civil service exam ran from the Tang dynasty to 1905, testing millions on Confucian classics, with about one in a hundred winning a post.
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A 1943 report told England to scrap its elite school exam
A wartime committee recommended abolishing England's Higher School Certificate in 1943. Its replacement, the A-level, arrived in 1951 and is still sat today.
Cambodia refilled its classrooms with anyone who could teach
After the Khmer Rouge killed or drove out most educators, Cambodia put anyone with some schooling in front of a class after weeks of training.
In 1961, Cuba sent volunteers to teach a million adults to read
Many of the volunteers were teenagers who lived with rural families. By the end of 1961, about 75% of the million adults had basic literacy.
How a 1992 law turned Britain's polytechnics into universities
The Further and Higher Education Act 1992 gave 34 British polytechnics degree-awarding powers, ending a divide that had run since 1965.